This chapter discusses two standard UNIX System V directories that are included on Banyan servers. These directories contain files and directories that are required for the proper initialization and operation of the UNIX operating system. The directories discussed in this section are as follows:
/dev - Contains device nodes used by UNIX to communicate with system hardware.
/etc - Contains files and directories used during server initialization.
The /dev directory is a standard UNIX System V directory that contains UNIX device nodes. Each node in the /dev directory corresponds to a logical device on the server. The device nodes in /dev are as follows:
0s1 - 0s15 (Device Node)
Logical Disk 0, slices 0 - 15.
1s0 - 1s15 (Device Node)
Logical Disk 1, slices 0 - 15.
2s0 - 2s15 (Device Node)
Logical Disk 2, slices 0 - 15.
3s0 - 3s15 (Device Node)
Logical Disk 3, slices 0 - 15.
4s0 - 4s15 (Device Node)
Logical Disk 4, slices 0 - 15.
5s0 - 5s15 (Device Node)
Logical Disk 5, slices 0 - 15.
6s0 - 6s15 (Device Node)
Logical Disk 6, slices 0 - 15.
7s0 - 7s15 (Device Node)
Logical Disk 7, slices 0 - 15.
8s0 - 8s15 (Device Node)
Logical Disk 8, slices 0 - 15.
9s0 - 9s15 (Device Node)
Logical Disk 9, slices 0 - 15.
10s0 - 10s15 (Device Node)
Logical Disk 10, slices 0 - 15.
11s0 - 11s15 (Device Node)
Logical Disk 11, slices 0 - 15.
adsys (Device Node)
Root slice on disk 0.
adusr (Device Node)
usr (/disk1) slice on disk 0.
ban_op (Device Node)
Banyan communications interface.
banyan (Device Node)
Banyan communications interface.
cd0 (Device Node)
CD-ROM.
cmos (Device Node)
CMOS memory.
cons1, cons2, cons3 (Device Node)
Additional system console devices, aliases for mono1, mono2, and mono3.
console (Device Node)
System console.
cw, cwc (Device Node)
Used by the Compaq wellness driver, which runs on the Compaq Prosignia, the Compaq ProLiant, and several other machines. These allow access to EISA configuration data and other system information.
debug (Device Node)
Debugger interface.
ds0a0 (Device Node)
SCII ISDN card device node.
ds0a1 (Device Node)
SCII ISDN card device node.
ds0b0 (Device Node)
SCII ISDN card device node.
ds0b1 (Device Node)
SCII ISDN card device node.
ds0c0 (Device Node)
SCII ISDN card device node.
ds0c1 (Device Node)
SCII ISDN card device node.
dsk (Device Node)
Directory, same as rdsk.
dump (Device Node)
System dump area (part of swap area).
error (Device Node)
Error device used by error daemon.
fd0 (Device Node)
High-density diskette full disk (block).
fd0.fs (Device Node)
High-density diskette with file system.
fdld (Device Node)
Low-density diskette full disk (raw or block).
fdld.fs (Device Node)
Low-density diskette with file system offset.
hmeb (Device Node)
Compaq server manager.
kmem (Device Node)
Virtual memory.
lp (Device Node)
Parallel port default (0).
lp0 (Device Node)
Parallel port 0.
lp1 (Device Node)
Parallel port 1.
mem (Device Node)
Physical memory.
mono0 (Device Node)
System Console devices. Version 7.0 Banyan servers support up to 4 consoles on each server. The server console output is sent to mono0.
mono1 (Device Node)
System Console devices. Version 7.0 Banyan servers support up to 4 consoles on each server. The server console output is sent to mono0.
mono2 (Device Node)
System Console devices. Version 7.0 Banyan servers support up to 4 consoles on each server. The server console output is sent to mono0.
mono3 (Device Node)
System Console devices. Version 7.0 Banyan servers support up to 4 consoles on each server. The server console output is sent to mono0.
null (Device Node)
Null device (discards output, no input).
null0.log, null1.log (Device Node)
Rolling log files used by the log daemon.
pmem (Device Node)
Physical memory.
prf (Device Node)
Profiler device.
printer1 (Device Node)
Parallel port 1.
rad0 (Device Node)
Raw disk slice for disk 0.
radsys (Device Node)
Raw root slice on disk 0.
radusr (Device Node)
Raw usr (/disk1) slice on disk 0.
rcd (Device Node)
Raw CD-ROM.
rct (Device Node)
Tape drive device node.
rct4 (Device Node)
Tape drive device node with no-rewind mode.
rdsk (Device Node)
Same as /dev/dsk. This is a raw I/O device node.
rfd0 (Device Node)
Character device for a high-density diskette. This device addresses the entire diskette.
rfd0.fs (Device Node)
Character device for a high-density diskette. This device addresses the entire diskette, and includes a file system offset.
rfdld (Device Node)
Character device for a low-density diskette. This device addresses the entire diskette.
rfdld.fs (Device Node)
Character device for a low-density diskette. This device addresses the entire diskette, and includes a file system offset.
swap (Device Node)
Swap slice (disk 0).
syscon (Device Node)
System console device.
systty (Device Node)
System console device.
tty (Device Node)
Pseudo device for process tty.
tty0 (Device Node)
Pseudo terminal used by Asynchronous Terminal Emulation Service (ATE).
ttyp0 (Device Node)
Pseudo terminal used by Asynchronous Terminal Emulation Service (ATE).
ttyp1 (Device Node)
Pseudo terminal used by Asynchronous Terminal Emulation Service (ATE).
ttyp2 (Device Node)
Pseudo terminal used by Asynchronous Terminal Emulation Service (ATE).
ttyp3 (Device Node)
Pseudo terminal used by Asynchronous Terminal Emulation Service (ATE).
ttyp4 (Device Node)
Pseudo terminal used by Asynchronous Terminal Emulation Service (ATE).
ttyp5 (Device Node)
Pseudo terminal used by Asynchronous Terminal Emulation Service (ATE).
ttyp6 (Device Node)
Pseudo terminal used by Asynchronous Terminal Emulation Service (ATE).
ttyp7 (Device Node)
Pseudo terminals used by Asynchronous Terminal Emulation Service (ATE).
The device nodes used by the operating system utilities to access the server hard disks are numbered as shown in Figure 12-1.
Some device nodes are reserved for special purposes. The following nodes are reserved by the system on logical partition zero:
0s0 - Slice 0 of any logical partition addresses the entire logical disk. This node is used by disk utilities, like the format utility or ckdisk, that need access to all of the first logical disk.
0s1 - Slice 1 of logical disk 0 is the root file system. It is 50 megabytes in size if you do a fresh installation or 5.5 MB if you upgrade. This file system contains the UNIX kernel and other files.
0s2 - Slice 2 is reserved for swap space. All swap space on a UNIX system must be contiguous disk space with no errors. The default size for this partition is 32 megabytes or in size if you do a fresh installation or 3.5 MB if you upgrade.
You can add additional swap space through bmenu. The additional space is configured as a contiguous UNIX file called swapn, where n is an ascending integer starting at 1. (The first swap file created is swap1, the second is swap2, and so on.)
0s3 - Slice 3 contains the /disk1 file system. This can be as large as 16 gigabytes.
0s4 - Slice 4 contains the /disk2 file system. This can be as large as 16 gigabytes.
0s5 - Slice 5 contains system dumps. You can create a system dump from the system debugger. See Chapter 1 for more information. This file system is 3.5 megabytes.
0s6 - Slice 6 contains the bootstrap partition. Every logical disk reserves slice 6 for bootstrap code, even if the system never boots from that disk. Therefore, 1s6, 2s6, 3s6, 4s6 and all the other slice 6 nodes are reserved for bootstrap code.
0s7 - Slice 7 contains the defect list for the logical disk. Up to 62 defect entries per disk are allowed. If a disk exceeds the 62-defect limit, it is unusable by VINES.
0s8 through 0s15 - These slices contain user file systems. These are up to 16 gigabytes apiece.
For logical disks 1 through 11, only slices 0 (which addresses the whole logical disk), 6 (partition bootstrap), and 7 (defect map) are reserved. The remaining slices are available for up to 16-gigabyte user file systems.
Banyan servers support five different kinds of disk drive technology. They are:
ST506 ESDI IDE SCSI Drive array
SCSI drives and drive arrays handle bad disk blocks on their own, with no assistance from the operating system. On servers that use these kinds of drives, the defect list (0s7) is typically empty.
ST506, ESDI, and IDE drives do not have their own bad block remapping capabilities. These drives rely on UNIX to map out any bad blocks encountered during formatting. These bad blocks are entered into the defect map.
Disk Capacity of a Banyan Server
Twenty gigabytes are available for user file systems on logical disk 0. Twenty-six gigabytes are available on logical disks 1 through 11. The theoretical maximum disk capacity available to users on a Banyan server is 306 gigabytes.
The practical limits are somewhat lower than this because many applications cannot use all of this disk.
The /etc directory in a standard UNIX system stores programs and data files used in system administration. Since much of the system administration in a Banyan server is performed through the console menus, the programs in /etc are more typically used for installation, upgrading, and configuration, particularly of hard disks.
The files in /etc are as follows:
at (Executable)
Runs commands at a later time.
boot (Executable)
Copy of the partition boot code that loads the kernel. Note that this is not the file that actually runs on the server, but just a copy of that code.
cfg.image (ASCII)
Contains text describing the physical location of the server key.
cfgdiskette (Executable)
Run at initialization time to set up the default diskette drive.
cmos (Executable)
Displays and/or sets the values in the CMOS configuration database.
commfile0 (ASCII)
Communications log file for the Block Asynchronous Server-to-Server protocol. This file is written by the error daemon.
count (Executable)
Counts the files and directories on /disk1/BFS/VINESFiles, and gives other information related to file services.
cron (Executable)
Runs commands scheduled by at and crontab.
cron.log (ASCII)
Used by the cron clock daemon.
crontab (Executable)
Runs a set of commands. This program is scheduled to be run by cron at regular intervals.
dcopy (Executable)
Copies system dumps to diskettes. When a server initializes, it runs dcopy -c to detect whether a dump is available on the hard disk. If it finds one, the server runs dcopy -d to copy the dump to diskettes. Then it continues the installation. dcopy is run from the /.profile script.
default (Directory)
Contains default information used by the system bootstrap.
devnm (Executable)
Shows the UNIX device used to access a given disk file or directory.
diskcheck (Executable)
Consistency check program.
diskfull (Executable)
Used by the Backup/Restore service to determine whether there is sufficient space to reload a complete system backup.
diskupgrade (Executable)
Checks disks in the system to see if there is sufficient space available to perform an upgrade.
divvy (Executable)
Creates the root partition, and 2-gigabyte user partitions. This program is called after fdisk.
emulator (Executable)
Floating point emulator code loaded into the kernel in the absence of a floating point processor.
errdemon (Executable)
Standard UNIX error daemon. Records system error information.
errfile0, errfile1 (ASCII)
UNIX error log files. Used by the errdemon.
errpt (Script)
Generates a system error log.
fboot (Executable)
Diskette bootstrap image.
fdisk (Executable)
Allocates disk space for swap, boot area, bad block area and dump area. It also displays information about UNIX disk partitions.
fmks10 (Executable)
Same as mkfs.s10. This program writes an s10 file system onto a formatted hard disk drive.
format (Executable)
Formats either hard disks or diskettes.
format.wd (Executable)
Western Digital diskette controller format program.
fsck (Executable)
Checks and repairs file systems.
fsck.s10 (Executable)
Checks and repairs s10 file systems.
fsdb (Executable)
File system debuggers. For Banyan internal use only.
fsdb.s10 (Executable)
fsstat (Executable)
Run by ckdisk to determine if fsck must be run on the hard disk.
fstab (ASCII)
Disk partitions to be mounted at install time.
getrev (Executable)
Vrifies the server code that you enter for the proper software revision.
gettydefs (ASCII)
Contains information used by the getty program to set up speed and terminal settings for a serial line.
group (ASCII)
Contains UNIX group names, numerical group IDs, and a list of all users allowed in the group. On a Native VINES server, this file typically contains only two groups: root and local.
hdnames (Executable)
Converts standard UNIX device node names to their Banyan counterparts.
init (Executable)
Initialization program run by the UNIX kernel.
init_dlinks (ASCII)
List of file links established at system initialization time.
init_links (ASCII)
List of file links to be established at initialization time.
initprog (Directory)
Contains the file at386 on V386 machines, and the file PS2 on MicroChannel machines. This is a platform-specific file.
inittab (Script)
Script for the init file, which specifies the processes for init to spawn.
ioctl.syscon (ASCII)
Used by the stty program to initialize the system console.
logdem.log (ASCII)
Log file used by the UNIX log daemon.
logdemon (Executable)
UNIX log daemon.
logdpid (ASCII)
Process id for the log daemon. Written for access by administrators who wish to kill the log daemon.
logdstart (Script)
Starts the log daemon at system initialization time.
lower (Executable)
Converts an upper case directory name to lower case.
magic (Database)
Data file used by the file command.
mkfs (Executable)
Writes an s5 file system onto a formatted hard disk partition.
mkfs.s10 (Executable)
Writes an s10 file system onto a formatted hard disk partition.
mnttab (ASCII)
Table of disk partitions to mounted during the server installation.
mpcode.ncr (Executable)
SMP kernel module for NCR machines. This is bound into the kernel at initialization time.
mpcode.sse (Executable)
SMP kernel module for AT&T StarServer E machines.
mpcode.syspro (Executable)
Kernel module for the COMPAQ System Pro. This is bound into the kernel at initialization time.
passwd (Executable)
Contains UNIX passwords in encrypted format.
patch (Executable)
Patches files and running processes.
ps_data (Database)
Used by the ps command to quickly access symbols within the running kernel.
Server0.log, Server1.log (ASCII)
Errors generated during system initialization are flushed to these log files during a power- down/power-up cycle. The tosyslog messages in /.profile end up in these files.
swap (Executable)
Displays configured swap space.
swapchk (Executable)
Checks to see whether there is sufficient contiguous disk space to increase the swap area on a disk.
swapchk.s5 (Executable)
Checks to see whether there is sufficient contiguous disk space to increase the swap area on a disk. This program works on s5 file systems (VINES 4.11 and earlier.)
telinit (Executable)
Tells init to switch operating modes.
termcap (Database)
Terminal characteristics and control codes for commonly used terminals.
termclr (Script)
Typically used by scripts for screen control. Running the cat command on this file clears the screen.
termtype (ASCII)
Default terminal type for the system console.
TimeZone (ASCII)
Contains the time zone of the server.
utmp (ASCII)
Contains information from the telinit command, including the last init run level.
wport (ASCII)
Contains a number indicating the parallel port to which the Banyan server key is attached. If the number is 0, the server key is attached to LPT1. If the number is 1, the server key is attached to LPT2, and so on. A 0 indicates that you are using software server and option codes.
